Murder Essay free essay sample

In this essay I will be criticising the law on murder including voluntary manslaughter and suggesting how it can be unsatisfactory as it can be quite confusing for the people who need to be applying the sentence for example the jury. Murder is a common law offence which means the law is made due to the cases however, it should be written down which means it would then be a statute law, which was suggested by Lord Coke in the 15th Century. The government have also acknowledged the fat that the law of murder needs to become a statute law, they have also asked the law commissions to research this area so that they can produce a report on the possible reforms. The major criticism is regarding the mandatory life sentence, this is criticised by both law professionals and the law commissions. It is hard for a judge to discriminate between different types of killings but will have the same sentence no matter if it’s an act of mercy killings when your partner is suffering an illness where there’s no hope that they will survive and the partner decides to switch the machine off, however they will receive the same punishment as say the Yorkshire ripper (Sutcliffe). We will write a custom essay sample on Murder Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A trial judge cannot even tell the difference between the different kinds of murder when imposing the sentence. Judges should be allowed to be given more authority when depending on the circumstances on the case for them to think of an appropriate sentence. A famous legal quote quoted by Hogan, which said â€Å"the sentence must be proportionate to the offence – court can achieve justice between one offender and another. † This was quoted in the 1980s it basically means is the worse the crime the worse the sentence which should be issued, many people still believe that this is how the law should be. Hogan wanted each case to be looked at separately and not compared which suggests that case law would then be demolished. In loss of control sexual infidalilty should not be included when looking at loss of control, this is absurd as the jealousy and anger which comes from sexual infidaility would technically cause loss of control, but this factor is told to be ignored. A big problem regarding the law of murder is the actus reus. The actus reus of murder is â€Å"the unlawful killing of a reasonable person in being† now looking at this a reasonable being is classed as a human being, however this does not include a foetus, even though the Abortion Act 1965 clearly states that a foetus is a human being at 28 weeks. This is very unclear as the laws contradict themselves and can be confusing for the acting jury and judges that are present as they will get to choose whether they feel that it is just or not, which means that the outcome on similar cases can possibly have totally different outcomes as it would be opinionated. For the laws which contradict each other for example the law on killing a foetus should definitely be relooked and reconsidered as this can cause (and/or may already do) confusion in the courts room as one law is saying one thing and the other law is going against that. People such as the jury who are not lay people may only understand bits of the law or not at all which can then result in a wrong verdict being given. The last criticism I will be looking at the concerns raised when looking at intention and oblique intention it is known to be â€Å"the most basic concept of criminal law which remains so unclear† this is because of the introduction of the mens rea â€Å"malice aforethought express or implied† which is very difficult for the jury to understand. Even the judges are unclear as they tend to adjust it from one case to another. Now looking at all the criticisms we see that there is a lot that can be done to improve the law regarding murder and it has been suggested that murder should be divided into two separate offences; First degree murder – which would be the intention to kill and would carry out the life sentence. And Second degree murder – which would be the intention to cause Grievous Bodily Harm (GBH) knowing that death, would eventually occur. This would then reform the problem that occurs with the mandatory life sentence being applicable to every murder sentence no matter how much gruesome or truthful it may be. The new law has proposed a new defence to law of Diminished Responsibility which they say should be satisfactory. The questions that arouse are not what the law commissions intended to say. The terms that are used in some of the elements in diminished responsibility are said that they should no longer be needed as the definition says it all. Issues relating mercy killings have still not yet been discussed, the law commissions’ wishes to raise this issue but the government have ignored the idea for this to be implemented. This would be help the people who are in desperate need to be taken out of all the suffering and hurt they are going through. Loss of control is also a new law which is an updated version of the defence that used to be available to murder which was Provocation. It says that loss of control includes the objective test which is actually meant to be subjective test which means that it is not greatly improved.

The Death Penalty in the US Criminal Justice System

The Death Penalty in the US Criminal Justice System Introduction The death penalty has been a largely debated form of punishment in the U.S. since its inception. The law supporting this unkind and unfair sentence was thus, put under scrutiny and consequently several death sentences were either overturned or could only be carried out on proportionate grounds by the supreme courts heralding a new era in the criminal justice system of the US.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Death Penalty in the US Criminal Justice System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The legal arguments for this decision made by the higher courts were cited in line with the 8th amendment that called for the exclusive considerations on several factors that mainly touched on racial disparities, age of a convict, proper evidence that can incriminate the accused persons, respective human rights action plans against such people, satisfactory judgment delivered either by unanimous decision or a majority of votes by the judges and so on (Burns 1). Age The Supreme Court made a decision based on the 8th amendment to relook into criminal cases viewed as cruel or unusual, and instead provided an alternative favorable form of punishment. Most death sentences were slashed down to life imprisonment, leaving only deserved cases as death sentences. For instance, some states were forced to repackage their judicial laws after realizing that the judgment commonly delivered never materialized particularly when the cases involved were referred back to the supreme courts, which in turn, after careful hearing, overturned the rulings in favor of the accused. This occurred in cases that were considered to lack the 8th amendment thresholds for the death penalty. These circumstances made several states to re of such ruling involving a minor was a criminal case for Christopher Simmons who was sentenced to death but later overruled; Case, Roper v Simmons. Another example of such case in which the age of a convict was contested involved a 15 year old at the time of committing the crime. William Thompson was sentenced to death after being convicted of murder. Due to this, the Supreme Court overturned the decision of an Oklahoma court by explaining that the execution of the minor violated the eighth amendment statute. The case here is, Thompson v. Oklahoma. Racial disparities Another main issue surrounding the death penalty is the racial inequality that has been historically characteristic with handing of the penalty in the U.S. For instance, consider a case involving an African American who was convicted of two counts of robbery plus one count of murder. After convictions in county courts and subsequently condemned to death, his plea was heard whereby the Supreme Court ruling overturned the death penalty imposed. The final ruling stated that the majority should not dictate matters of humanity since it is unconstitutional. For example, it was viewed that those accused of killing whit e people could easily be handed the death sentence compared to murderers for black persons. After much consideration and scrutiny of the penalty, the courts offered a platform for the voiceless like the accused person in question.i.e case, McCleskey v kemp. Mental state of the convict Mental instability in most people is believed to have unnatural rage subconscious to a person’s mind. It is for this reason that informed the Supreme Court to offer a reprieve on death penalty for mentally retarded persons who commit a criminal offence. As a result of this, the death sentence was found to be unconstitutionally excessive thereby restricting the state’s power to deliver death penalty as a form of punishment on similar cases under the same state of mind. For instance, Daryl Atkins was convicted of murder even though his IQ score was 59 hence; the Supreme Court reversed the earlier ruling which did not evaluate his condition as that of mild mental condition; Case, Atkins v. V irginia (Jacobs 1). Proper evidence of aggravating circumstances Proper reasons were to be evaluated so as to be used against a convict. For instance, in order to incriminate a person, the Supreme Court made a decision to provide a clear distinction on where imposition of death can be allowed. It was unanimously passed that there could be circumstances when the evidence produced could exempt on the death penalty for non-murder offenses like rape except for crimes comparable to treason.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Death Penalty in the US Criminal Justice System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This was seen during the trial for Antonym Coker who escaped from custody but got re-arrested and condemned to death penalty for rape. The Supreme Court in turn overturned the first sentence arguing that it was too harsh on the ground that most rape cases may not involve murder. Another similar case in which a sentence by the lower court was annulled by that of the Supreme Court took place in Lousiana.The criminal case involved Patrick Kennedy accused of raping his 8 year old step daughter. The Supreme Court then scrutinized his case after a successful appeal against a capital punishment handed earlier. The argument of the higher court then concluded that imposing the death penalty against the convict was against the 8th amendment and therefore unconstitutional because the crime neither resulted nor was intended to terminate the innocent life of his victim (Radelet Akers 1). Therefore, the ruling decided that the accused should instead be sent to life imprisonment; Case, Kennedy v. Louisiana. Method of delivering the death sentence In cases where the method used to administer the death penalty is considered cruel and painful, the Supreme Court could then deliberate on a particular ruling by a junior state court. This was observed during the sentencing of Ralph Baze who was convicted for murder an d sure enough condemned to death by a Kentucky state court by lethal injection and instead appealed against the ruling, only for the sentence to be re-affirmed by the Supreme Court since the method for its application was considered safe after all. The same scenario was also witnessed during the trial of Jimmy L. Glass who was sentenced to death according to the legal argument of Louisiana court by electrocution. Through his lawyers, he argued that the application and the intensity when passing the death sentence through electrocution can cause serious injuries and pain and therefore do not meet the humane standards as required by the constitution (White 1). The final judgment by the Supreme Court thus dismissed the petition thereby allowing the lower court’s ruling to go ahead; Case, Jimmy L. Glass v.Lousiana. Improper judgment Pending cases provided relevant provisions to re-appeal the death sentence if the trial is perceived to be as a result of discretion of a judge deter mining the outcome of a case almost single handedly. Take for example, the trial of Timothy Ring, a convict of first degree murder and sentenced to life imprisonment only for a state judge to step-up the penalty to another sentence by death. Consequently though, the Supreme Court reversed the decision citing that statutory maximum sentence should be put before a jury panel since the judge was found to have acted improperly without a sitting legal bench who could have delivered a unanimous decision; Case, Ring v. Arizona.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Special procedure for capital penalty It was realized that rulings could impose the death penalty by ignoring the nature or circumstance preceding a crime. Therefore, it was required that a jury must be able to cite a possible statutory aggravating legal requirement before delivering any formal penalty by death. Such a case where the judgment was allowed to stand as it was involved Troy Leon who was convicted for robbery and murder for which he was handed over death sentence (Head 1). On challenging his trial, the Supreme Court rejected his plea and instead maintained the earlier verdict by dismissing the robbery factor since the statutory system was not found to violate the constitutional statutes; Case, Gregg v. Georgia. The legislative judgments of some states Several courts in some states decided to respond to the modification of the death penalty especially for murder committed in relation to a felony. Such states that rejected the death penalty arising from committing a felony therefore illegalized the practice hence the Supreme Court found it as an appropriate way by providing more options for fair trial. This was arrived at after establishing the fact that, the death penalty usually imposed may be too harsh for a convict who did not participate in a murder or intended to carry out such heinous act. A case of study featured Enmund in which the death penalty was outlawed when determining the ultimate ruling by the supreme judges since they decided that it could not be imposed under circumstances of felony; Case, Enmund v. Florida. Contrary to the above case where a reprieve was provided by the Supreme Court, in Tison’s case, several state supreme courts amended their interpretation of the death penalty during such a case involving a felony by allowing capital punishment to take precedence in such future cases (White 1). This particular case was determined by analyzing noticeable circumstances of felony during the murder. The death penalty verdict was thus delivered since inquiries revealed passion and recklessness; Case, Tison v. Arizona. Conclusion From the above discussion, it is apparent that the suitability of imposing a death is questionable. From a number of precedents set on the death penalty, it is apparent that giving a life imprisonment instead of a death penalty will be more humane than a death penalty in permissible situations. All in all, a death penalty should be avoided as much as possible. Burns, Kari. â€Å"Punishment: Death penalty†. 2011. Web. Head, Tom. â€Å"The Eighth Amendment†. 2011-May 6. Web. Jacobs, Nancy. â€Å"Death Penalty Essay†. 2011. Web. Radelet, M Akers, R. Deterrence and the Death Penalty? The Views of the Experts, (1995) White, Debora. â€Å"Pros and cons of the death penalty†. 2011. Web.

12 Hour Shifts in Nursing

7 October 2011 Effects on Nurses Working Long Hours Patients in a hospital and/or healthcare facilities have to be cared for all day and all night, everyday of the week by nurses. The usual way to fulfill this need is to divide up the day into three 8-hour shifts. Different shifts have been put into place to help improve nurse satisfaction, decrease the nursing shortage and save the hospital money. The 24-hour day is made up of two 12-hour shifts; 12 hours in the day and 12 hours at night. There has been quite an ongoing debate over the years regarding this issue of nurses working over 8 hours in a single day. Many people, such as hospital nursing administrators, have reason to believe that working long hour shifts causes more errors in the workplace due to fatigue and irregular sleep schedules. Along with these reasons and other beliefs, 12-hour shifts in nursing should be revoked. The risks outweigh the benefits for extended hour shifts in hospitals and/or healthcare facilities, for both the patients and nurses. Nurses who work 12 or more hours in a single shift put at risk the health of themselves along with the health of the patients who they are treating. Working extended shifts causes fatigue, stress and lack of productivity. Errors are most common in nurses who are fatigued from working long and grueling hours. It is estimated 1. 3 million health care errors occur each year and of those errors 48,000 to 98,000 result in patient deaths. Many of these errors lead to malpractice suits and thousands of dollars lost (Keller, 497). This proves that working long hours in a health care environment will make nurses more prone to making error that may lead to patient death. Patient death is what the hospital and faculty members are trying to avoid, revoking long hour shifts seems like a proper way to start. As for the health of the nurse, nurses who work long hours are affecting their health in many ways. Some health problems that may occur in nurses are sleep problems, listlessness, and unable to think clearly. According to The American Heart Association, shift workers are inclined to drink more caffeinated beverages such as, coffee and energy drinks, smoke, and exercise less often. Along with these problems, working shifts and extended hours interfere with the body’s natural circadian rhythm, especially if working night shift. Human beings are designed to work during the daylight, not at night. â€Å"Symptoms of fatigue can include muscle weakness, lethargy, inability to think clearly or concentrate, listlessness, decreased cognitive function, anxiety, and exhaustion† (Keller, 499). This would not be acceptable for the high demands of nursing. Nurses need to be able to think clearly and stay sharp to make flash decisions incase the patients health rapidly decreases. If they are tired, they may lose this capability. Nurses also have to be able to work in high-pressure situations. If anxiety were a symptom of fatigue, this would jeopardize both the nurses and the patients. The nurse may lose her job for working while fatigued, and the patient may lose their life for not having proper care. Todays nurses would most likely oppose this argument. Most of todays nurses work long 12-hour shifts and favor them than five eight-hour shifts. They prefer working three 12-hour shifts, and then having four days off in a week. Nurses who work this shift can take a couple vacation days or sick days and be off for weeks at a time. They believe that working these long hour shifts do not affect their ability to care for patients, because they can drink coffee or soda and can take a nap on their lunch breaks. This argument may seem plausible, but reality is that these are only temporary fixes and may feel even more exhausted than before. In addition, during the four days they have off, they may feel weak and dazed so they will not be able to work a second part-time job if wanted or be with their loved-ones. After working that many hours in such a short period of time, they would need those four days off to compensate for the hard work they just endured. Health care administrators argue that having only two shifts a day (day and night) will help improve patient care because there would only be two nurses who would take care of a patient during a 24-hour shift. But still, it takes more hired nurses to fill a weeks schedule to accommodate each 12 hour shift is covered because a nurse can only work so many hours in a week. Annette Richardson claims that nurses who work extended hour shifts will be less productive during the last 2 to 3 hours of their shift. Signs of nurses being unproductive are; if he/she is taking a longer time to be with a patient than necessary, not completing patient charts and not being thorough on reports (Carson, 830). Nursing administration is there to help make patients and nurses happy and healthy. Health care administration wants the most work productivity as possible, and with having the last 3 hours of a nurses shift being unproductive will diminish that goal. Studies have shown that the most productive work schedule is working an eight-hour shift because it has the least number of errors due to workers fatigue and exhaustion. Nurses who also work long hour shifts may experience work ‘burnout’. A Burnout is a form of chronic stress related to ones job. Burnout occur most frequently in nurses who work long hours in high stress areas, such as critical care, oncology, or burn units. Symptoms of burnouts include fatigue, frequent colds, headaches, and insomnia. Mental symptoms may include decreased ability to solve problems and unwillingness to face problems and change. Nurses who suffer from burnout may quit their job or change jobs outside of the nursing profession. This causes shortages, which is currently a big issue in todays world. Not enough people are interested in the nursing career because of the high burnout rate. Linda Wilson was burning out because she worked the 3pm to 11pm shift in the critical care unit. The hospital was understaffed and had a lot of overtime. She barely got five hours a sleep a night (Ellis, 599). This proves that working too many extended hours a week with not enough sleep will cause burnout that leads to lost jobs. Lost jobs makes the shortage of nurses even higher and affecting patient care by not having enough nurses necessary to provide proper care and support to their patient during their stay. Overall, long hour shifts in nursing may have its pluses such as, a four-day weekend to be home with their loved-ones, but it also has its negative effects. Extended shifts may causes nurses to make errors while working from a lack of sleep and fatigue. This may end up in patient death or malpractice, which is the opposite of what nurses, and administrators are there to do. 12-hour days will eventually cause harm to him/herself because our bodies are not meant to work long and grueling hours because fatigue disrupts their ability to think clearly and quickly and may cause stress. With all of these going against them, they might get burned out and decide to quit or change jobs. An abundance of burnouts will create a larger nursing shortage than there already is, making the whole situation worse. I believe working 8-hours a day with three total shifts to make up a 24 hour day is the best way for both the nurses and the patients sake. It will reduce the amount of errors made do to fatigue and it will increase productivity in the workplace because nurses would not be affected by exhaustion. Works Cited

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Strategic management - Essay Example n order for JetBlue Company to grow, the company should put new emphasis on the grand strategy for growth, operational excellence, and customer intimacy at the corporate level. It should also engage generic strategies of differentiation and overall low cost leadership at the functional level. Mainly, the strategy should include offering an amazing quality product and service that should be summarized under JetBlue experience, network expansion, low fares, and quest for low operating expenses and should invest in new and economical planes. JetBlue Company puts in place five core values to replace the formal mission statement. These values are safety, care, fun, integrity, and passion. The five values are more significant in that they are printed on every paper that JetBlue company issues. These values also provide a framework for the company’s culture. Adams insists that once a company’s values are framed, the company’s culture follows. The company looks forward to enhance the JetBlue experience so that it can differentiate itself from the competition from other companies with similar interests. For the JetBlue Company to continue to grow, it needs to formulate a new vision and mission statements. This is if the company is to remain true to being a low-cost carrier that endeavors to deliver on-time service with the most competitive airfares in the industry. It is the duty of any company to form a strategic management once it formulates a mission statement. This statement allows the firm to realize its potential while having minded what it wants to avoid as it grows successfully. JetBlue Company’s mission has been to be renowned low cost-carrier and the company has been reluctant to change its vision and mission statement. For JetBlue Company to have a clear direction of where it is headed, the company should put together more than a ten-word sentence in order to convey the firm’s mission. The values should be differentiated by making five core

Charter Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Charter Schools - Essay Example The different between charter schools and other public schools is that families choose them for their children because they have desired qualities and environment that must exhibit. Moreover, they operate on specific freedoms that are not in the other district public schools hence making them favorable and lenient to the children Chance, L. M. S. A. A., & Lewis, W. (2013) these schools must demonstrate exquisite performance in matters relating to academics prowess, transparent management of finances and effective organizational stability. However, failure for a charter school to meet the organizational may lead to the closure of such school. Chance & Lewis (2013) Affirms that the underrepresented students in charter schools tend to succeed in education and extracurricular activities compared to other students in the district schools. The essay seeks to illustrate why the underrepresented students perform better compared to others in the district schools. First, the general model of school provides an enabling atmosphere where all people can learn and integrate the relevant skills learned in the realm of academics. CREDO study indicates success of these students emanates from school quality features such as teacher quality, lengths of day among other factors that concentrate on the non-low-income, non-disabled females in the charter schools (Mayr, 2008). The school exhibits controllable effects such as peer group, physical education that contribute heavily towards making an individual full member of the community. In other words, the schools have an adequate atmosphere that will provide an avenue for students to succeed by the end of the day. The students have hardworking spirit. Coupling the handwork and effort from students makes it possible for students to excel and eventually perform distinctively from other students in the society. The administration has set principles in terms creating and maintaining motivation amongst students. Awards and

We Can Never Can Tell Essay Example for Free

We Can Never Can Tell Essay It’s funny how things always turn out different than how we expect or want them to. It becomes funny eventually but for the most part, it’s hard. In some cases, painful at first. I am always caught saying â€Å"we can never can tell†. Sometimes, it’s just my excuse and sometimes, I just like saying it because it sounds nice but there is truth to it. Whoever knows what will happen next? Whatever is â€Å"next† – the next time, next person, next tragedy, next tear, next smile. We can plan, predict, speculate, estimate†¦ but truth is, we really can never can tell. Otherwise, where’s the fun in that?†¦ is what they say. Honestly though, don’t you sometimes wish to know what’s next for you in life? Much more, where are all of these life struggles and adventures leading us to? Where am I going to end up? With who? It’s not like you want to impatiently fast-forward to the end of your life but you just want to know if in the end of all these crisis and drama, everything is going to be alfckingright just like what they always tell you when you’re shitfckin depressed. You just want to know if having to struggle today means having a bright future tomorrow or will it be a recurring struggle, or worse, an endless pit of struggle. It’s not fair nor is it right to question life and its purpose but wouldn’t that be nice? A little bit of assurance would be nice. Lucky are those who have their future stable and planned out perfectly fine even before they were born. Trust fund babies, children or relatives of influential people, political dynasties, celebrity children, children of multimillionaires, even those who were born with beautiful genes, because that actually makes their lives easier (feel free to disagree). ***Please don’t refer or send me a copy of The Purpose Driven Life because somebody already did, thank you. On a semi-irrelevant note (depending on how you comprehend it), I have learned that the lack of choices makes you a better person or to put it more rationally, makes you better at what you do. Giving yourself choices is tempting yourself to easily quit one decision and move on to the other instead of making things work; whereas when you’re stuck with only one, you have no other choice but to move forward, make it last, make it work, therefore you strive to be better. Having choices opens up opportunities for comparison, and comparison never leads to contentment and happiness, from what I know. Having a job while knowing that there are still hundreds of available other jobs will make it hard for you to value and stay in your current job (pardon my confusing sentence). You will always wonder what the others has to offer and how you could be wasting your time doing what you think you don’t deserve, instead of working hard to succeed in it and make things better. Having a girlfriend while knowing that there are still hundreds of available other girls who could be sexier and more attractive than her will make it hard for you to be faithful and contented. Especially when you’re fully aware that you’re a good-looking sonuvabitch who thinks you can have any girl you want. You will always wonder if there is someone or something better for you hence disregarding the notion that you may actually have in your hands the best choice. Am I right or am I right? Choices are fallbacks. It’s easy to quit, to let go, to turn around, to give up, to not try hard, when you know you have a fallback that conveniently catches you anytime, everytime. Contentment is inversely proportional to our number of choices (and I realized that just now). The more choices, the harder for us to be contented†¦ and happy. Feel free to disagree.

Graduation Speech :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Tonight marks the end of an era. Years of books, plays, dances and sports have all led to this gratifying moment. As we, the graduation class of 2006, sit here watching as the last of our high school careers fade into twilight and nervously awaiting what new adventure tomorrow will bring, it is important that we share a moment to reflect and appreciate the enormity of our fine accomplishment. For tonight's graduation marks not only our passage from the halls of Bears High School, but is also a declaration of our commitment and effort. This last year has been a tragic one for American high schools. With incidents such as the mindless shootings at Columbine, it often seems as though todays' youth are no longer capable of positively participating in and shaping the world. Media hype and the neat label of Generation X has branded us as incapable of achieving. We should be lazy and incompetent. Tonight we sit here as proof of hope for the future. We are the businessmen, the teachers and the parents of tomorrow. By our own dedication to our success in high school having qualified us to lead the future, tonight we rise above and shed those labels. For tonight's graduation is the culmination of our commitment, from efforts from that first day of kindergarten to now as we await the satisfaction of diplomas in our hands. While at times it may have been easy to have been drawn into the negative aspects of school, we have chosen to pursue and to accomplish. Worthy of pride, this is why I congratulate you. With the support of our parents, our teachers and our friends we made it to this day and to the beginning of a new stage of our lives. Where we go from here and what new frontiers we are meant to discover may remain unseen, but as we step out those doors tonight and stare into the first lights of what is to come and what is to be, always remember tonight's victory.

Fire Detection Using Surveillance Cameras Environmental Sciences Essay

With the increasing figure of surveillance cameras being installed in everyplace, there is a greater demand for computing machine vision applications for sensing of unnatural events. Fire sensing utilizing surveillance cameras has become an of import country of research. Most current fire dismay systems are based on infrared detectors, optical detectors, or ion detectors that depend on certain features of fire, such as fume, heat, or radiation. However, these traditional fire dismay systems are non alerted until the atoms really reach the detectors, and they are normally unable to supply any extra information, such as the location and size of the fire and the grade of combustion. In contrast, vision sensor-based fire sensing systems offer several advantages. First, the equipment cost is lower, as such systems are based on CCD ( Charge Coupled Device ) cameras, which have already been installed in many public topographic points for surveillance intents. Second, the response clip for fire and fume sensing is faster because the camera does non necessitate to wait for the fume or heat to spread. Third, because the camera besides functions as a volume detector, as distinguishable from traditional point detectors, it can supervise a big country, making a higher possibility of fire sensing at an early phase. Finally, in the instance of a false dismay, the system director can corroborate the being of a fire through the surveillance proctor without sing the location. The purpose of this undertaking is to observe fire in picture by analysing the frame-to-frame alterations of specific low-level characteristics depicting possible fire part. These characteristics are colour, country size, surface saltiness, boundary raggedness, and lopsidedness within estimated fire parts. Because of flickering and random features of fire, these characteristics are powerful discriminants. The bing system for fire sensing algorithms in picture chiefly focuses on the colour facet of fire and on the form form to analyse the sum of fire gesture, which leads to a faulty consequence. Uniting both the spatial and temporal features of fire and fume can take to a better consequence. Besides the bing method chiefly deals with inactive camera, which is non the instance in newscast pictures. Computer vision-based fire sensing algorithms are applied in closed-circuit telecasting surveillance scenarios with controlled background. It can be applied non merely to surveillance but besides to automatic picture categorization for retrieval of fire calamities in databases of newscast content. In the latter instance, there are big fluctuations in fire and background features depending on the picture case. Chapter 2 LITERATURE SURVEY Early sensing of fire is an of import jobs, hence there have been many methods proposed to work out this issue. Color, geometry, and gesture of fire part are all indispensable characteristics for efficient categorization of fire from non-fire parts. In general, in add-on to colour, a part that corresponds to fire can be captured in footings of the spacial construction defined by the boundary fluctuation within the part. The form of a fire part frequently keeps altering and exhibits a stochastic gesture, which depends on environing environmental factors such as the type of firing elements and air current. These factors form the utile characteristics for observing fire. Based on these factors several utile characteristics for observing fire are: colour, country size, surface saltiness, boundary raggedness and lopsidedness.2.1 ColorFire has really distinguishable colour features, and although empirical, it is the most powerful individual characteristic for happening fire in video sequen ces. Based on trials with several images in different declarations and scenarios, it is sensible to presume that by and large the colour of fires belongs to the red-yellow scope, as in the instance for hydrocarbon fires, which are the most common type of fires seen in nature. For the type of fires considered ( hydrocarbon fires ) , it is noticed that for a given fire pel, the value of ruddy channel is greater than the green channel, and the value of the green channel is greater than the value of bluish channel. Unique colour scope of fire can be estimated in RGB and HSI individually. Hardware by and large display or present colour via RGB. So a pel is associated with a three dimensional vector ( R, g, B ) . HSI ( Hue, Saturation and Intensity ) is the manner of show which follows that how human sees. Here hue represents the sensed colour like orange or purple. Saturation measures its dilution by white visible radiation. HSI extract strength information, while chromaticity and impregnation correspond to human perceptual experience. Fire pels have a colour that runs from ruddy to orange to yellow to about white. This graduated table indicates the energy of the fire, with the redder the fire, the less temperature and radiant heat it is let go ofing. Color cues may be the most of import property when acknowledging fires in fire sensing. A colour infinite is a agency of stipulating colourss, and they can be classified into three basic dividers: HVS ( human ocular system ) based colour infinites ( e.g. RGB ) , application-specific ( e.g. CMY, YCbCr ) , and CIE colour infinites ( e.g. CIELab ) . To observe fire pels, a method is proposed [ 2 ] utilizing the Red channel threshold, which is the major constituent in an RGB image of fire fires and impregnation values. The colour chance theoretical accounts are so generated utilizing a unimodal Gaussian distribution from sample images that contain dynamic fire scenes. Fire pels are so detected utilizing these RGB chance theoretical accounts. The Gaussian chance distribution can be estimated as follows: where Ii ( x, Y ) is the colour value for the ith colour channel R, g, B in an image, ?i the average value of Ii ( x, Y ) , and ?i the standard divergence of Ii ( x, Y ) . To simplify the calculation, the distributions of colour channels of each pel are assumed to be independent, and the joint chance denseness map of the R, g, B chance distribution is given by:2.2 Area SizeArea is an of import characteristic of fire, the fire country represented by the figure of fire pels will be consecutively increasing if the fire has an instable and developing fire. To place a fire ‘s growing, we can cipher the size fluctuations of fire country from two back-to-back images. If the consequence is more than a predefined threshold value, there is a likely fire ‘s growing. For the estimated fire pel country, because of the fire flickering, a alteration in the country size of the possible fire mask occurs from frame to border. Non-fire countries have a less random alteration in the country size. The normalized country alteration ?Ai for the ith frame is given by: where Ai corresponds to the country of the fire blobs stand foring the possible fire parts in the PFM. In instance a difficult determination regulation is used, fire is assumed if ?Ai & A ; gt ; ?A, where ?A is a determination threshold. One of the chief features of fire is a changeless alteration of form due to the air flow caused by air current or firing stuff. Thus, campaigner fire parts are ab initio detected utilizing a simple background minus theoretical account. This procedure is indispensable for bettering fire sensing public presentation and cut downing sensing clip. Assorted algorithms have been late proposed to divide foreground from background. First, traveling pels and parts are extracted from the image. They are determined by utilizing a background appraisal method [ 3 ] .In this method, a background image Bn+1 at clip instant N + 1 is recursively estimated from the image frame In and the background image Bn of the picture as follows:( ten, Y ) stationary( ten, Y ) travelingwhere In ( x, y ) represents a pel in the n-th picture frame In, and a is a parametric quantity between 0 and 1. Traveling pels are determined by deducting the current image from the background image. T is a threshold which is set harmonizing to the scene of the background.2.3 Surface CoarsenessUnlike other false-alarm parts, like a xanthous traffic mark, fire parts have a important sum of variableness in the pel values. Filter Bankss are often used in texture analysis when seeking to depict a given form. In the instance of fire, nevertheless, it is really difficult to depict its texture with any given theoretical account. The entropy observed in fire can change significantly in frequence response ( cyclicity is frequently non present ) and gradient angles, for illustration. The discrepancy is a well-known metric to bespeak the sum of saltiness in the pel values. Hence, we use the discrepancy of the blobs as a characteristic to assist extinguishing non-fire blobs in the Potential Fire Mask.2.4 LopsidednessThe lopsidedness measures the grade of dissymmetry of a distribution around its mean. It is zero when the distribution is symmetric, positive if the distribution form is more dis persed to the right and negative if it is more dispersed to the left. Fire parts have high pel values for the green and specially for the ruddy channel. Very frequently, we observe a impregnation in the ruddy channel, taking the histogram to the upper side of the scope. This causes the lopsidedness of this distribution to hold a high negative value. For this ground, we employ the lopsidedness as an utile characteristic to place fire parts.2.5 Boundary raggednessGiven a metameric fire part, we retrieve its boundary utilizing a classical Laplacian operator, and so it is convenient for us to recover its 8-connected boundary concatenation codification [ 8 ] . From the concatenation codification, we can easy cipher the margin L of the boundary. Based on the margin and the country of fire part, we calculate the rotundity as L2/S, which describes complexness of the form, i.e. more complex form has greater value. Roundness can assist to acquire rid of the inerratic bright topics in the earl y clip. Traveling pels and parts in the picture are determined by utilizing cagey border sensing for the old estimation of the background strength value at all pixel places. Accurate sensing of traveling parts is non every bit critical as in other object trailing and appraisal jobs. We are chiefly concerned with real-time sensing of traveling parts as an initial measure in the fire and fire sensing system. We choose to implement this suggested method because of its computational efficiency. A fire in gesture has a comparatively inactive general form ( determined by the form of firing stuffs ) and quickly altering local form in the unobstructed portion of the boundary line. The lower frequence constituents of fire part boundary are comparatively steady over clip, and the higher frequence constituents change in a stochastic manner. Consequently, we use a stochastic theoretical account to capture the characteristic random gesture of fire boundaries over clip.Chapter 3PROPOSED WorkThe fire sensing method that is proposed in this paper foremost extracts the characteristics of fire like colour, country size, surface saltiness, boundary raggedness and lopsidedness. In this paper a probabilistic attack for fire colour sensing is used. Using this attack a Potential Fire Mask ( PFM ) is created and based on this mask the remainder of the chara cteristics are extracted. All these characteristics are so taken together into a classifier which classifies the part as fire or non-fire part.3.1 Potential Fire Mask creative activityHarmonizing to most fire sensing documents presented in the literature and based on our ain experiments, we notice that fire has really distinguishable colour features. Based on trials with several images in different declarations and scenarios, it is sensible to presume that by and large the colour of fires belongs to the red-yellow scope. For the type of fires considered ( hydrocarbon fires ) , it is noticed that for a given fire pel, the value of ruddy channel is greater than the green channel, and the value of the green channel is greater than the value of bluish channel, as illustrated in Fig. 3.1. Fig.3.1. Histogram of a fire part inside the black square, for the ruddy, green, and bluish channels. Several extra features besides hold, which are discussed in the followers, where colour sensing metric is proposed. This sensing metric is used to bring forth the PFM, which will so be further analyzed with the other non-color fire characteristics. Let a fire pel at place ( m, N ) in an image be represented by degree Fahrenheit ( m, N ) , where degree Fahrenheit ( m, n ) = and francium, fG, and fB are the ruddy, green, and bluish channels representation of degree Fahrenheit, severally. Let, and stand for the sample norm of the pels in a fire image part, for the ruddy, green, and bluish channels, as shown in Fig. 1. Interpretation, , and as random variables, we employ a Gaussian theoretical account for these variables, such ~N ( , ~N and ~N. With these premises, allow us specify ( 3.1 ) ( 3.2 ) ( 3.3 ) Where post exchange ( x0 ) represents the rating of the chance denseness map ( PDF ) of a random variable ten at value x0. In this instance, represents the mean value in the ruddy channel of an ascertained set of pels. Fig. 3.2 illustrates that the maximal value for DCR is obtained when = . Fig.3.2. Graphical representation of the parametric quantities in ( 1 ) . Maximal assurance is obtained when = . can be interpreted as a normalized metric that indicates the chance that a given part represents fire harmonizing to the ruddy channel distribution. For illustration, if in ( 1 ) is really close to, is really near to 1 and we assume with chance that the ascertained part represents a fire part ( sing the ruddy channel merely ) . To widen this to the three colour channels, in the followers we employ, , and as given in Eqn ( 3.4 ) . Using the definitions ( 1 ) – ( 3 ) , the proposed sensing metric to bespeak whether the ascertained part represents fire is given as = + + ? ( + + ) + ( 3.4 ) Based on the metric DC a binary image PFM is generated for each frame, such that where ?C is a assurance threshold degree and the values 1 or 0 indicate the presence of absence of fire at the matching location in the image f. The threshold ?C is the same for all pixel locations.3.2 Randomness of Area SizeFor the estimated fire pel country, because of the fire flickering, a alteration in the country size of the PFM occurs from frame to frame.Non-fire countries have a less random alteration in the country size. The normalized country alteration ?Ai for the ith frame is given by where Ai corresponds to the country of the fire blobs stand foring the possible fire parts in the PFM. In instance a difficult determination regulation is used, fire is assumed if ?Ai & A ; gt ; ?A, where ?A is a determination threshold.3.3 Surface CoarsenessWe use the discrepancy of the blobs as a characteristic to assist extinguishing non-fire blobs in the PFM. Therefore, fire is assumed if the blob has a discrepancy ? & A ; gt ; , where is determined from a set of experimental analyses.3.4 LopsidednessThe lopsidedness measures the grade of dissymmetry of a distribution around its mean. It is zero when the distribution is symmetric, positive if the distribution form is more dispersed to the right and negative if it is more dispersed to the left, as illustrated in Fig. 3.3. Fig. 3.3. Illustration of the consequence of positive and negative lopsidedness on a distribution. Fire parts have high pel values for the green and specially for the ruddy channel. Very frequently, we observe a impregnation in the ruddy channel, taking the histogram to the upper side of the scope. This causes the lopsidedness of this distribution to hold a high negative value. For this ground, we employ the lopsidedness as an utile characteristic to place fire parts. Let the sample lopsidedness of the ruddy channel be defined as where J is the figure of pels in the blob. A possible fire part nowadays at frame I is assumed as existent fire if where is a determination threshold.3.5 Boundary RoughnessFire does non hold a specific boundary feature on its ain. Therefore, we propose the usage the boundary raggedness of the possible fire part as a characteristic, given by the ratio between margin and convex hull margin. The bulging hull of a set of pels S is the smallest convex set incorporating S. The boundary raggedness is given by where is the margin of S and is the margin of the bulging hull of S. To calculate the margin, a simple attack is to number the figure of pels connected horizontally and vertically plus v2 times the figure of pels connected diagonally.A difficult determination regulation is used, fire is assumed if & amp ; gt ; , where is a determination threshold.Chapter 4EXPERIMENTAL RESULTSIn the experiments, different sorts of fires pictures such as edifice, wild land and residential fire, incorporating shootings captured at twenty-four hours clip, twilight or dark clip were taken. This diverseness is convenient to measure the public presentation of the system under different lighting and quality conditions. ( B ) ( degree Celsius ) ( vitamin D ) ( vitamin E ) Fig 4.1 ( a ) Input picture frame, ( B ) Histogram of R, G and B sets, ( degree Celsius ) Potential Fire Mask ( PFM ) , ( vitamin D ) morphologically closed PFM, and ( vitamin E ) the concluding PFM. Table 4.1 Table demoing some illustrations of the country alteration, surface saltiness and lopsidedness in the back-to-back frames. Frame Number Area ( Number of pels ) Area Change Surface Coarseness Lopsidedness 1 11159 No alteration Detected Negative 2 11159 Detected Negative 99 17623 Change Detected Negative 100 17717 Detected Negative 207 19058 Change Detected Negative 208 19203 Detected NegativeCONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKIn this paper, we have proposed a new sensing metric based on colour for fire sensing in picture. In add-on, we have exploited of import ocular characteristics of fire, like country size, surface saltiness, lopsidedness and boundary raggedness of the fire pel distribution. The lopsidedness, in peculiar, is a really utile form because of the frequent happening of impregnation in the ruddy channel of fire parts. In contrast to other methods which extract complicated characteristics, the characteristics discussed here allow really fast processing, doing the system applicable for existent clip fire sensing. As the portion of minor undertaking, all the characteristics for fire sensing have been extracted. Now, these characteristics need to be fed into a classifier to sort the given picture frame as incorporating fire or no fire. A Bayes classifier can be employed for this intent.

Friendship: Meaning of Life and Friends Essay

What is a friend? According to Aristotle, a friend is a single sole dwelling in two bodies. People understand the concept of friendship differently, but there is one common ground for it. It is always built on a mutual sympathy. Friendship plays an important role in our lives, to a large extent. Friends can help you find the meaning of life by helping you overcome challenges. They are people in your life that care for you and they simple add joy and meaning to your life. In some cases it is short and finds its end quickly, while in other cases it may last for many years and grow stronger every year. True friendship is built on trust and mutual support. Your real friend will always find time to talk and try to find solutions to the hard problems you face every day. They are always there to help you and expect the same from you. Friends are psychologically comfortable with each other, and sometimes are emotionally closer than with their relatives. Friends help you overcome challenges you may face at times in your life. A special thing about friendship is that friends have the ability to do different things like simply talking something through and giving advice or physically helping you Sometimes friends find more comfort in each other rather than family because they might have the idea that there family might judge them, and there friend will tell it right. In difficult times, friends make you see things from a different point of view, allowing you to take time to reflect and examine the situation. Doing this it allows you to see another perspective of the situation and find another way to overcome your challenge. Not only do friends help you through situations, but they go about this through love. Friends are people in your life that love and care about you. They will not only help you through something but they are the ones that will always be there for you in those times of need. They care about you and how you feel and that is what makes them a true friend. A friend is someone who believes in you when you have yet to believe in yourself. They help you to find the meaning of life because they let you know that there is someone out there that cares for you and that you are valuable to someone else in this world. Friends are not only there to help you, but they also add fun, happiness and joy to life. They add fun, happiness and joy as you can relate to each other and share the same values about things. Through sharing the same values you are able to laugh and joke about things that you will both find funny as you share the same ideas. They can make you forget about any problems you have by simply having some fun. Friends can be your whole life as you revolve many things around them. You know you can trust them as much as they can trust you. Friends help us to not take everything in life too seriously and have a bit of fun by simply being in each other’s company. Friendship has great value in the meaning of life. It is one of the richest treasures of life. Friends help you overcome challenges and difficult times in your life, through talking and physically helping you. They are someone who knows you well and cares about you, so that everything they do for you and through love. When the crowd dies down after a crisis, your friends are the ones who are still active. Friends will sit with you in the hospital, be with you while you grieve, be available at a moment’s notice of crisis, come out to help in the middle of the night, stand up for you, lend a hand when there is work to be done, be loyal to you, have fun with you, make you laugh when you are sad etc etc†¦ and the list goes on. The most important thing about friendship is that it adds meaning and value to our lives.

The Dangers of Concussions Professor Ramos Blog

The Dangers of Concussions Concussions in football have become a growing concern across all levels of football from youth, high school, college, and the pros. Many cases of these injuries have lead to CTE(Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain found in people with a history of repetitive brain trauma (often athletes), including symptomatic concussions as well as asymptomatic subconcussive hits to the head that do not cause symptoms. and the death of many players. Many players have to retire, because of the numerous concussions they have suffered over the years. Players like Junior Seau who committed suicide on May 2, 2012, later in a study by the scientists who analyzed Seau’s brain before he died concluded that he suffered from CTE from taking hits to the head for over two decades. NFL players suffered more concussions in 2017 alone than the five previous seasons. According to data released by the NFL there were 281 concussions reported in the 2017 season accounting for injuries suffered in preseason games and practice as well. (CCN Library) On February 17, 2011 former Chicago Bears Defensive Back Dave Duerson, 50, commits suicide with gunshot wound to the chest rather than his brain so his brain could be tested on for CTE. Boston University researchers found CTE in his brain like other diseased players (CNN Library). People are dying from this. In an article a neuropathologist studied the brains of 111 NFL diseased players out of those 111 players 110 of them had CTE ( Ward et al.). NFL goes through class action lawsuit with ex-players with health concerns from these types of cases with deaths of former players. The ex-players wanted the NFL to pay $765 million to fund medical exams, concussion related compensation, medical research for retired players and their families, and litigation expenses, according to a document filed in US District Court in Philadelphia August 29, 2013(CNN Library). In another study including 2552 retired football players studies show that 61% sustained at least one concussion throughout their career and 24% have sustained two or more throughout their careers (Guskiewicz et al.). The NFL as already put in set rules to help with player safety and helping to reduce these issues. The â€Å"new† rules were set in 2011 that would fine players for illegal hits to a defenseless player such as a Quarterback in the act of throwing, a receiver trying to catch a pass, a runner already in the grasp of tacklers with his forward progress stopped, a player fielding a kickoff or punt, a kicker or punter during the kick, a quarterback at any time after change of possession, a receiver who receives a blindside block, a player already on the ground. Also the NFL banned using the crown of the helmet to tackle or ward off defensive players. (Schottey) In a 2014 the NFL announced that the season before concussions were down 13% and concussions caused by helmet to helmet hits were reduced by 24%(Garriott). These rules have worked so far in lowering the rate of these injuries which is a good positive to not take too much from the game and protecting players. Banning head to head contact in the sport could be one solution for this problem with all the equipment that players have from padded pants, shoulder pads, and of course helmets but all this equipment can’t protect players from all spinal and concussion type injuries. Players will have to return to the old days of football fundamentals using their form and using their arms, hands, and legs and get away from using their heads in these situations. Another solution would be slowing down the game in the NFL today offenses are running no huddle to exhaust the defensive which is putting players at risk the players become lazy and forget their fundamentals in tackling and it results in players being put in a situation they could be injured the viewers love this style of play being more exciting for fans to watch but it puts the players at a huge risk of getting injured(Pontius). Ponitus, Jerek https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/78884/Pontius,%20Jerek.pdf?sequence=1 Schottey ,Micheal https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1760584-a-guidebook-for-nfl-hits-whats-legal-whats-not-whats-just-plain-dirty Joe Ward, Josh Williams, and Sam Manchester Statistics CNN Library https://www.cnn.com/2013/08/30/us/nfl-concussions-fast-facts/index.html Guskiewicz, Kevin https://academic.oup.com/neurosurgery/article-abstract/57/4/719/3775312?redirectedFrom=fulltext

Good Grocers, Inc Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Good Grocers, Inc - Research Paper Example The settlement may provide a cheaper alternative than court proceedings. August, Mayer & Bixby (2013) are of the assumption that court proceedings may dent the publicity of an organization if the plaintiff presents a believable argument. The organization should seek for an outside court settlement as a public relation strategy (August, Mayer & Bixby, 2013). In this case, Ms. Greene requires to be provided with benefits that are offered to employees who work on a part-time basis. The new demand would require more than the $15 per hour wage. In addition, she will be provided with additional incentives that are not provided with contractors. However, before she can be granted the request, the terms and conditions of her contract should be reviewed. If Ms. Greene knew what her contract entailed, she cannot alter the terms of the product. Emerson (2009) asserts that an employee contract binds their relationship with their employer. They further point out that the terms on a contract can only be changed when it is necessary (Emerson, 2009). In this instance, it is not necessary. The store has enough employees, and Ms. Greene supplements the three days her services are

Solyndra, California based solar panel company Essay

Solyndra, California based solar panel company - Essay Example It is one of the companies, given assistance by the government in order to counteract the Chinese efforts towards the manufacture of green technology. The company went bankrupt in august 2011. Cynics are using the bankruptcy of the company to prove that the country is not ready for solar energy. Before filing for bankruptcy, the company was given five hundred and thirty five million dollars from the economic stimulus package (Department of Energy). Due to its current status, the manufacturing company is up for sale. The federal loans were part of the Obama administration stimulus program. The company used a new technology called copper indium gallium celenide (CIGS), in the manufacture of cylindrical panels, while competitors were using silicon. At first the company recorded high profits, but with plummet in silicon prices, and increase in prices of the materials they were using, started making losses. This situation was made worse by Chinese companies that produced solar panels at s ubsidized prices, due to low costs of production, thus flooding the market with cheaper products. The costs of manufacturing solar panels using CIGS was expensive to maintain in the end, leading to increased losses. Consequently, the company shut down its operation, and all employees were laid off. There are several laws that apply in this situation. One of them is the Energy Policy Act of 2005. This bill was passed into law by congress and signed by President George. Bush in 2008. It is an attempt to curb energy problems by providing incentives and loans towards cleaner energy alternatives. It has many provisions including subsidies for wind and solar energy production, to reduce environmental pollution. The loan provided by the federal government was guaranteed by the above act towards cleaner energy production mechanisms. The company later filed for bankruptcy two years after the bailout (Solyndra, 2011, 12). The managers of this company are likely to get millions of dollars in t ax breaks, due to provisions in the above act. The question is whether the government ignored the red flags and funded a company which could be a fraud from the beginning. The other is the American Recovery and Reinforcement Act of 2009. Sit was approved by congress and signed into law by President Obama in 2009. Its main aim is to save jobs including those in the â€Å"clean† energy industry. It draws from the Keynesian theory, which argues that during recession, the government should increase public spending, due to a decrease in private spending. Under the energy provision, the act allocated around eight and a half billion dollars for subsidies towards green energy solutions. Milton Friendman was an American economist and a noble price winner who advocated for a free capitalist economy where the government has little or no control over the businesses. As such, there are no constraints. This is was an opposition to the existing Keynesian government policies (Friendman, 1980 ). He was also of the opinion that a person can do whatever they please as long as they do not break the law. He widely promoted the stockholder theory. Basically, this theory is for the opinion that a company’s main obligation is to its stakeholders. As such a business or an organization should work towards maximized profits as long as they do not break the law. This is because the stakeholders have the most to lose from the bad decisions made by business managers. Because of this, a business will in the long run